Underwriters evaluate commercial buildings using the COPE framework to model Probable Maximum Loss (PML) under catastrophic fire, wind, and seismic scenarios.
1. The COPE Assessment Matrix
- Construction: Frame, Joisted Masonry, Non-Combustible, Masonry Non-Combustible, Modified Fire Resistive, or Fire Resistive (ISO Classes 1–6).
- Occupancy: Evaluating combustibility of contents, hazardous chemical storage, and heat-generating manufacturing processes.
- Protection: Sprinkler hydraulic density, fire department distance, and automated central station alarms.
- Exposure: Proximity to neighboring wildfire brush zones, flood plains, or chemical facilities.